Dr. Greg Lardy, Beef Specialist
North Dakota State University
Backgrounding feeder cattle is a common practice in North Dakota. The practice is used to add value to home raised feeds and calves by marketing feeds through the cattle. Feed efficiency and feed cost are the two most important factors which determine cost of gain.
This publication addresses feeding management guidelines which can improve the success of backgrounding operations and practices which can lower cost of gain in backgrounding operations.
Bunk breaking or training cattle to eat from a feed bunk can be a difficult process, especially if calves have never eaten processed feed before. Also, calves that have only drunk from streams or ponds may not know what a commercial waterer is. Here are some suggestions for bunk breaking calves:
Muddy lot conditions can cause decreases in feed efficiencies of up to 30%. Muddy conditions are generally not a problem in North Dakota until late spring. Producers back-grounding cattle during the spring of the year should take steps to reduce problems with mud. Pens should have adequate drainage and slope which helps move water out of the pen. Pens should be built with mounds that allow the cattle a place to get out of the mud.
Design pens so that water drains away from the feeding area. Muddy conditions near the feed bunks will keep cattle away from the bunks, reduce feed intakes, and depress performance. In cattle fed higher concentrate diets, severe mud problems near the bunks can increase the incidence of acidosis and other digestive problems by making cattle meal-eaters rather than nibblers (cattle are less likely to come to the bunk multiple times per day in heavy mud conditions).
Cattle can generally withstand low ambient temperatures pro-vided they are given adequate wind protection and kept dry. The companion circular on Backgrounding Facilities, AS-1153, details the kind and type of wind protection which is most effective.
Feed grain processing is an important component of successful backgrounding. Proper grain processing can improve feed conversions, while improper grain processing can lead to increased incidence of digestive disturbances (founder, laminitis, acidosis), reduced performance, and increased cost of gain.
Corn
Corn can be fed whole with no processing. Efficiency can be improved by cracking or rolling corn. Gains in feed efficiencies attained by dry rolling corn are generally cost effective. Fine grinding is discouraged.
Barley
Barley should be coarsely rolled, cracking the hull while minimizing fines. Barley is rapidly fermented and should not be finely ground or finely rolled. Fine grinding or fine rolling which results in high levels of fines will increase the incidence of digestive problems and decrease palatability of rations due to dustiness.
Oats
Oats can be fed whole with no processing. Slight improvements in utilization may occur when oats are rolled. Oats are one of the easier grains to feed because the oat hull helps buffer digestion of the starch and minimizes the risk of digestive disturbances. Processing oats is generally not cost effective.
Hull-less Oats
Hull-less or naked oats requires minimal processing. Research conducted at NDSU indicates that processing hull-less oats too finely will result in poor conversions and digestive disturbances.
Wheat
Wheat is rapidly fermented. Wheat should be coarsely rolled but not ground. Steam rolling wheat helps reduce the amount of fines and reduces digestive problems associated with acidosis.
Field Peas
Little information is available regarding processing of field peas for cattle. However, due to the relatively hard nature of the seed, coarsely cracking or rolling field peas is recommended for optimum utilization.
Grain Screenings
If pigeongrass screenings are fed, they should be ground for the highest utilization. Pigeongrass seed coats should be cracked or seeds will pass through the animal largely undigested. If the screenings are largely made up of light test weight grain, processing procedures for the respective grains should be followed.
Light Test Weight Grain
Properly processing light test weight grain is more difficult than processing grains with normal test weights because light test weight grains generally have a larger degree of variation in kernel size. This variation in kernel size makes it more difficult to properly set grinding or rolling equipment.
In many backgrounding operations, the amount of feed offered is not weighed. This makes it difficult to estimate the degree of feed waste which occurs in a particular operation. However, certain management practices should be followed to minimize the amount of feed wasted.
Feeding round bales on the ground can result in excessive losses of feed material as animals tend to use a portion of the feed for bedding rather than eating it. In addition, cattle will refuse to consume hay contaminated with animal wastes. Contamination commonly occurs when hays are fed on the ground. There are many different type of feeders which will work adequately and reduce hay waste. The Beef Housing and Equipment Handbook (MWPS-6; available separately or as part of the Beef Cattle Handbook) offers many different plans and ideas for round bale feeders which can be built on the farm.
When round bales are fed, bale feeders should be used to reduce waste. In some cases, 30% to 45% waste has been reported when bales are fed without feeders.
Grinding forages does not typically increase digestibility, but forage intake is usually increased with grinding or chopping. However, producers should carefully weigh the cost of processing before deciding on a forage processing system. Chopping or grinding forages can help reduce waste compared to long stem forages. Grinding forages decreases the animals ability to sort or select a diet. This can reduce feed costs by decreasing feed waste.
If rations are fed in a TMR (total mixed ration) feeding system, chopping or grinding is necessary to facilitate mixing with other ration ingredients. Long stem forages do not mix well in most commercial systems without some chopping or grinding. Several commercial systems that grind and mix forages with other ration ingredients are available. Forages should only be processed enough to allow thorough feed mixing with other ration ingredients.
Bunk management is a critical component for successfully backgrounding cattle on high concentrate (grain or byproduct) diets. Bunk management can be defined as determining and delivering, in an acceptable and consistent manner, the amount of feed an animal can consume in a given period of time.
Cattle fed diets high in roughage generally limit their intake due to ruminal fill. However, cattle fed concentrates can and do overeat. This can result in a wide variety of nutritional disturbances such as acidosis, founder, and bloat. It can also be costly because of reductions in performance of the cattle (reduced average daily gain and poorer feed conversions). Underfeeding cattle on high concentrate diets can also result in problems. Hungry cattle are more aggressive at the feed bunk, which leads to over-consumption and related digestive problems in some cattle, while timid cattle remain underfed.
Producers should develop a feed call record keeping system that provides historical data on each pen, so that feed amounts can be adjusted based on the previous days feed call. Feed amounts are typically recorded on a pounds per head per day basis, rather than on a pounds per pen basis.
The goal is to provide the exact amount of feed which the animal's will consume in a 24 hour period. On high concentrated diets, use the 10% rule for calling feed. Never increase the cattle more than 10% of their average consumption (this will be about two pounds of feed per head, in most cases). Increases larger than 10% can result in feed wastage or spoilage, in-creased digestive disturbances, and poor performance. It may also be indicative of missed feed calls on previous days and that you are behind the cattle. Decreasing feed calls by 10% may be warranted to ensure that cattle clean up feed in the bunk before it spoils.
On high forage diets, do not increase feed calls by more than 4 to 6 pounds per head per day. On high concentrate diets, feed calls should not be increased more than 2 pounds per head per day.
A bunk scoring system may be developed as a way of judging the amount of feed left in the bunk. Table 1 gives an example bunk scoring system. Bunk reading is as much an art as it is a science.
Table 1. South Dakota State University 4-Point Bunk Scoring System1.
Score Bunk Description
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0 No feed remaining in the bunk.
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1/2 Scattered feed present. Most of the bottom of the
bunk exposed.
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1 Thin uniform layer of feed across the bottom of
the bunk. Typically one kernel deep.
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2 25-50% of previous feed remaining.
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3 Crown of feed is thoroughly disturbed. >50% of
the feed remaining.
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4 Feed is virtually untouched. Crown of feed
still noticeable.
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1 Adapted from R. Pritchard, 1993. Delivering the Difference.
Land O' Lakes Conference.
Wet, moldy feed should be removed from the bunk and fresh feed offered as needed. Stale feeds generally limit consumption.
When bunks are read, the manager should examine the bunks and pens to evaluate the following items: 1) uniformity of feed mixing, 2) uniformity of feed delivery to the bunk, 3) the amount of carryover feed, 4) the amount of fines present in the bunk (as a measure of feed processing as well as a measure of the degree to which cattle are sorting the ration), 5) the amount of ice or snow which may have accumulated in the bunks and pens, 6) the consistency of the stools, and 7) the condition of the feed apron (is it covered with mud, snow, or ice?).
When making the feed call, take into account the following items: 1) the previous four days feed deliveries, 2) the previous four days bunk conditions (what have the feed calls been the last four days), 3) the number of days the cattle have been on feed, and 4) any other information which may be pertinent such as implanting or processing schedules.
Step-up rations refers to rations which are fed to cattle to acclimate them to consumption of high grain diets. There are several systems of stepping cattle up on feed. The system which fits your management style, facilities, and equipment the best should be used. In large feeding operations it is common to feed decreasing levels of roughage as cattle are being acclimated to high concentrate diets. Calves are commonly started on a 45% roughage diet, then roughage levels are decreased to 35%, 25%, 15%, and for finishing to 7.5%. Each of these step-up diets are fed for approximately seven to 10 days. Cattle should not be stepped onto the next diet if intakes are increasing or decreasing erratically.
Cattle can also be stepped up on feed by increasing the amount of grain which is offered. As a rule of thumb, grain or concentrate should be increased 1.5-2.5 pounds every seven to 10 days. This will give cattle a chance to acclimate to higher grain levels in a gradual manner. Increases greater than this can result in digestive disturbances and increase the incidence of acidosis.
Cattle can also be stepped up on feed by initially feeding grain at 1.0 to 1.25% of body weight with free choice hay. Every seven to 10 days, the amount of grain can be increased by 0.5% of body weight until your target diet is reached.
Cattle can also be acclimated to high grain diets by limit feeding a high concentrate (85% or greater) diet. This type of acclimation requires a high level of management. It is generally not effective in pen fed situations since the aggressive cattle get more than their share of feed. This system should not be used unless you are feeding a total mixed ration (TMR). Provide enough bunk space so all cattle in the pen have access to the bunk when using this system.
You should expect that cattle will experience some degree of sub-acute acidosis during the step up period. The time (or ration that the cattle are on) when this occurs varies with each pen of cattle, but it will occur sooner on diets which are more rapidly fermented such as barley, wheat, and high-moisture corn.
Larger cattle feeding operations in the central and southern High Plains typically feed cattle two or three times daily. In most cases, this management practice is intended to make better use of labor, feed trucks, and feed milling equipment. Larger lots will feed any pens which have slick bunks first each morning before going back and feeding all the pens. Feed will also be delivered in the afternoon to be sure that all cattle have adequate feed until the following morning. This feeding schedule also helps to assure that cattle have access to freshly prepared feed at all times. University of Minnesota research indicates that cattle performance is virtually identical whether they were fed once or twice daily.
Animal behavior plays a role in determining when to feed. Feeding patterns are correlated with sunrise and sunset. University of Maryland research indicates that peak afternoon eating episodes were more synchronous with time of sunset than feed delivery time. South Dakota State University research also points out that time of morning feeding also appears to be related more to time of sunrise, rather than feed delivery time, unless time between sunrise and feed delivery are notably widened.
Some feeders will increase the amount of roughage in high concentrate diets if they know storm fronts are coming into the area. Cattle typically increase intake before a storm event. University of Nebraska research indicates that this practice does not increase net returns when compared to a system in which pre-storm rations are not used.
Digestive disturbances, reduced performance, and mortality can occur when inclement weather does not permit you to feed cattle for a day or more. If blizzards do not permit cattle to be fed, the first three to four days following the storm event are critical. The first step is to clear away snow from the feed bunk and apron area to allow cattle access to the bunks. Cattle should be fed a higher roughage diet for the first three to four days following a storm to allow them to once again acclimate to a concentrate diet. For example, if cattle were being fed a 75% concentrate diet, cattle should be placed on a 60 to 65% concentrate diet to reduce the risk of acidosis and other digestive disturbances. Cattle will be hungry and aggressive when coming to the bunk. Aggressive cattle tend to be meal eaters rather than nibblers, which increases the risk of digestive disturbances.
Remember that the risk of digestive disturbances increases when cattle are on higher concentrate diets. In addition, the longer the cattle go without being fed the greater the risk of digestive disturbances during refeeding.
Manure consistency can be used by managers to appraise the general condition of animal performance. Stools should appear slightly loose. The stool consistency should be between that of stacked or formed and one that is loose. A little bit of grain will pass through under normal conditions. Stools which show signs of being loose or stools which have white caps indicate that the cattle may be experiencing acidosis.
Energy digestibility occurring in the beef animal cannot be accurately estimated using fecal pH or fecal starch measurements. Physical appearance of the feces is probably just as good an indicator (to the trained eye) as the use of starch analysis or pH.
Self-feeders offer producers some advantages in back-grounding operations. Self-feeders allow producers to reduce labor inputs into the backgrounding operation. Because of labor demands in other enterprises or from off-farm employment, producers may choose to invest capital in self-feeding equipment as a way to save labor.
Several types of self-feeding systems are available. With any of these systems, producers must determine whether the labor savings justifies the cost of the equipment.
Careful daily observation to identify cattle which need treatment for sickness or disease conditions is necessary, whether the cattle are hand fed or fed through a self feeding system.
This is, perhaps, the simplest method of self-feeding. Depending on the type of feeders purchased or built, the level of investment can vary considerably. Producers may choose to use portable creep feeders in pen-fed situations during a winter backgrounding period. These portable feeders can be used during the summer to creep feed calves or supplement stocker cattle on pastures.
In the pen-fed backgrounding system, portable feeders can be used to deliver feed grains such as oats, or byproducts such as wheat midds, corn gluten feed, or soybean hulls. These products are fermented more slowly than feed grains such as barley. Consequently, the level of digestive disturbances can be lower when oats or byproduct feeds are used, since they contain higher levels of fiber than conventional cereal grains such as corn or barley.
In some cases, commercial pellets may be used in self-fed situations. Commercially prepared pellets can be formulated to include feed additives, which may decrease disease incidence, increase average daily gain, and improve feed efficiency. Commercial pellets may also contain ingredients which limit intake of the pellets. Salt can also be used to limit intake of concentrate mixes.
Electronic feed delivery systems that deliver feed at various intervals set by the producer can be purchased or designed. Electronic systems that can read electronic ear tags and deliver concentrate feeds to individual animals or groups of animals are also available.
In most self-fed situations, cattle are fed the concentrate portion of the diet from a self feeder and allowed to consume hay or roughages from a separate feeder. Selection of the feed grain or byproduct and grain processing method used in these systems is important. Rapidly fermented grains can be more difficult to manage in self-fed situations. Producers should consider using more slowly fermented grains, byproducts, or some type of intake limiter in these situations.
This information may be copied for noncommercial, educational purposes in its entirety with no changes. Requests to use any portion of the document should be sent to permission@ndsuext.nodak.edu. North Dakota State University Agriculture and University Extension Morrill Hall, P.O. Box 5562, Fargo, ND 58105-5562